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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Model Cities Program ： ウィキペディア英語版 Model Cities Program The Model Cities Program was an element of U.S. President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society and War on Poverty. In 1966, new legislation led to the more than 150 five-year-long, Model Cities experiments to develop new antipoverty programs and alternative forms of municipal government. The ambitious federal urban aid program succeeded in fostering a new generation of mostly black urban leaders. However, the nation moved to the right after the urban riots of the late 1960s. This led to a shift in goals to bricks and mortar housing and building projects. The program ended in 1974.〔Bret A. Weber, and Amanda Wallace, "Revealing the Empowerment Revolution: A Literature Review of the Model Cities Program," ''Journal of Urban History'' (2012) 38#1 pp 173-192.〕 ==Program development== Authorized November 3, 1966 by the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966, the program ended in 1974. Model Cities originated in response to several concerns of the mid-1960s. Widespread urban violence, disillusionment with existing urban renewal programmes, and bureaucratic difficulties in the first years of the War on Poverty led to calls for reform of federal programmes. The Model Cities initiative created a new program at the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) intended to improve coordination of existing urban programs. Several still troubled cities including Detroit, Oakland, Newark and Camden received funding. The program's initial goals emphasized comprehensive planning, involving not just rebuilding but also rehabilitation, social service delivery, and citizen participation. In 1969 the Nixon administration officially changed course; however in the majority of cities, citizen participation mechanisms continued to play an important role in local decision-making. According to Christopher DeMuth, the Model Cities program received just under $3 billion by the end of 1974, and was "the most unequivocal failure of all the 'Great Society' programs."〔http://www.ccdemuth.com/deregulating-the-cities.html〕 Other evaluations have identified both failures and success in the Model Cities program, with its limited effectiveness attributed to a combination of complicated bureaucracy, inadequate funding, and competing agendas at the local level.〔https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7uF7eIjwmQC&lpg=PA458&ots=uDS4B_VSVF&dq=model%20cities%20program%20politics%20of%20neglect&pg=PA458#v=onepage&q=model%20cities%20program%20politics%20of%20neglect&f=false〕〔http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/85326/schec.pdf?sequence=1〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Model Cities Program」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.